ശാസ്ത്രത്തിന് മുസ്ലിന്കള്‍ നല്‍കിയ സംഭാവനകള്‍ ഭാഗം 3

The fountain pen was invented for al-mu’izz an Egyptian sultan in 953 onhis request to have a pen which didn’t require a separate inkpot and wouldnot stain hands and clothes. The first fountain pen is the basics of all pens today. The ink will flow only when there is an intention to write... Nicolas Bion (1652-1733) who described them in a treatise first published in 1709. Bion made no claim to be their inventor, nor is there any evidence that he ever made such pens himself -- let alone, held a patent on them. From the beginning of the 19th century, the number of fountain pen designs patented and produced began to multiply. Abdul Razak

Abu Al-Qaasim Az-Zahraawi (died in 428 A.H.) was the author of "At-Tasreef Liman `Ajaza `an At-Ta'leef" or "Clarifications for Non-Writers". This is the book on which Europe relied for several centuries after it was translated into Latin. It is a 30-volume medical encyclopedia and is considered the first encyclopedia on medicine and surgery.
Az-Zahraawi was the first surgeon to perform surgical operations on blood vessels such as suturing arteries after they had been cut or joining them while they are bleeding. He was also the first surgeon to use silk fibers in closing wounds and gold ligaments in correcting teeth. He was also the first to develop plastic suturing, and he developed many surgical instruments that were not previously known. He drew pictures of these instruments, and gave details of their size and the material used in manufacturing them, such as hooks for excising tonsils and tumors, hot iron rods for cauterizing, and pronged hooks for taking out teeth.
He was also the first surgeon to perform surgical operations such as lithotomy or the removal of gall stones, tonsillectomy, and fissuring the throat to facilitate breathing. He was the first surgeon to deliver a baby into a basin in case the embryo was in an abnormal position. Az-Zahraawi recommended seeking the assistance of female nurses and helpers in performing surgical operations on women because females are kinder and patients would feel more comfortable with them as opposed to men.

The University of Al Karaouine in Fez, Morocco is thus recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest degree-granting university in the world with its founding in 859 by woman called Fatima al-Fihri. Also in the 9th century, Bimaristan medical schools were founded in the medieval Islamic world, where medical degrees and diplomas were issued to students of Islamic medicine who were qualified to be a practicing Doctor of Medicine. Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975, was a Jami'ah university which offered a variety of post-graduate degrees (Ijazah), and had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy, and logic in Islamic philosophy 

Two important inventions were the development of the sciences of algebra, trigonomety, and calculus, and the production of lenses for the correction of vision. The Muslims also created the number system that America uses today. Before that they just used Roman Numerals. With the new number system, they could solve equations they never could with the Roman Numerals.